GMR ratio
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An alternative to the spin valve structure of is the symmetric spin valve of fig. 10 with three magnetic layers. The central magnetic layer is free; the bottom and top magnetic layers are pinned by an exchange biasing interaction. With five metallic layers instead of three in the simple spin valve structure of fig. 7, the proportion of ;inactive; electron scattering by the lower and upper surfaces is reduced and a higher GMR ratio is obtained.
For example, by growing symmetric spin valves with NiO pinning layers in the presence of a partial pressure of O2, Egelhoff et al. (1997a) have reached a GMR ratio of 24.8% at room temperature.
All the measurements described above were made with the electric current parallel to the plane of the layers, what is called the Current In Plane or CIP geometry. GMR effects can also be obtained with the Current Perpendicular to the Plane of the layers, that is, in the so-called CPP geometry.
We also provide neodymium magnet ceramic magnet, alnico magnet, SmCo magnet, rubber magnet and magnetic product. These products are widely used in micro-motor, motor, computer, instrument, meter, automobile, motorcycle, horologe, office equipment, toy, magnetic therapy device and daily life industries.
Xiamen Everbeen Magnet Electron Co.,Ltd. http://www.china-magnet.net
Add:Unit H, 4F Rihua Mansion, No. 8 Xinfeng 2nd road, Torch Hi-Tech Zone, Xiamen, China.
Tel:0086-592-5781916
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The first measurements in the CPP geometry have been performed at Michigan State University (MSU) by Pratt et al. (1991) by sandwiching multilayers between two superconducting layers of niobium. The geometry of the sample is shown in fig. 11. A bottom strip of Nb is first deposited through a mechanical mask, then the multilayer is deposited through a second mask, and finally the top Nb strip is laid through a third mask. The experiments are performed at 4.2 K by applying a current between e and h and measuring the voltage between g and f. Owing to the superconducting properties of the Nb contacts, a uniform distribution of the current can be realized in the square region where the Nb strips overlap. The difficulty comes from the very low voltage drop between the two Nb strips. With a square area of 1 mm 2, a total thickness of 12 ~tm for the multilayer,.
We also provide neodymium magnet ceramic magnet, alnico magnet, SmCo magnet, rubber magnetand magnetic products. These products are widely used in micro-motor, motor, computer, instrument, meter, automobile, motorcycle, horologe, office equipment, toy, magnetic therapy device and daily life industries.
Xiamen Everbeen Magnet Electron Co.,Ltd. http://www.china-magnet.net
Add:Unit H, 4F Rihua Mansion, No. 8 Xinfeng 2nd road, Torch Hi-Tech Zone, Xiamen, China.
Tel:0086-592-5781916
Fax:0086-592-5123653
E-mail:info@china-magnet.net
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